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Municipal  Reference  Bulletin  No.  2 


MUNICIPAL  DANCE  HALLS 


MUNICIPAL  REFERENCE  LIBRARY 
CHICAGO  PUBLIC  LIBRARY 

1005  CITY  HALL 


MARCH,     1914 


Return  this  book  on  or  before  thi 
Latest  Date  stamped  below.  / 
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University  of  Illinois  Library 


M 


Municipal  Reference  Bulletin  No.  2 


MUNICIPAL  DANCE  HALLS 


JAN  19 


MUNICIPAL  REFERENCE  LIBRARY 

CHICAGO  PUBLIC  LIBRARY 

1005  CITY  HALL 


MARCH,     1914 


(Elitrago  l^ubUt  Sltbrarg  city  op  chicaqo 

Henry  e.  legi-er,  librarian  iWutttrijial  Slpfprpti«  ffitbrarji 

Frederick  Rex,  MUNiciPAr.  kkferlnce  librarian  1005  City   Hai^l. 


This  report  has  been  prepared  at  the  request  of  his  Honor,  Mayor  Carter 
H,  Harrison. 

It  is  hoped  that  it  will  pi'ove  useful  to  members  of  the  Chicago  City 
Council,  municipal  department  and  bureau  heads,  social  workers  and  others 
who  may  seek  information  on  the  subject.  It  is  a  summary  of  the  efforts  that 
have  been  made  in  six  cities  of  the  United  States  toward  the  municipal  estab- 
lishment and  operation  of  open  public  dance  halls. 

FREDERICK  REX, 
Municipal   Reference   Librarian. 


CONTENTS. 


Page 

Boston,    Mass 6 

Cincinnati,    Oliio : 6 

Supervision   7 

Results  achieved 7 

Cleveland,  Ohio 8 

Dance  halls   opened 8 

Control  and  supervision 8 

Finaucial    success 8 

Good    accomplished 9 

Denver,  Colo 10 

Introduction    6 

Message  of  Mayor  Harrison 5 

Milwaukee,    Wis 10 

San  Francisco,  Cal 10 


MESSAGE  OF  MAYOR  HARRISON. 


Office   of  the   Mayor,      j 
Chicago,  March  9,   1914.  j 
To  the  Honorable,  the  City  Council: 

Gentlemen— For  some  time  I  have  felt  it  desirable,  in  order  to  provide 
additional  recreation  and  amusement  for  the  youthful  of  both  sexes,  that  the 
City  should  undertake  the  experiment  of  establishing  municipal  dance  halls  in 
which,  under  proper  auspices  and  with  proper  chaperonage,  young  men  and 
women  could  gather  for  purposes  of  recreation. 

The  experiment  has  been  tried  out  in  other  communities.  To  secure  infor- 
mation as  to  the  methods  employed  and  the  results  obtained,  some  time  ago 
I  requested  the  Municipal  Reference  Library  to  make  inquiries  and  secure  data 
from  all  cities  in  which  municipal  dance  halls  have  been  maintained. 

This  information  has  been  secured  and  incorporated  in  a  report  which 
I  have  the  honor  to  transmit  herewith  for  reference  to  an  appropriate  com- 
mittee, with  the  recommendation  that  the  subject  matter  receive  immediate 
attention  in  order  that  at  the  earliest  possible  date  social  centers  of  this 
character  may  be  established  and  opportunity  be  offered  to  young  men  and 
young  women  to  indulge  in  innocent  and  healthful  recreation  under  suitable 
auspices. 

To  give  the  matter  a  thorough  test  municipal  dance  halls  should  be  estab- 
lished on  the  North,  Northwest,  Southwest  and  South  Sides  and  also  in  South 
Chicago.  Personally  I  believe  the  cost  and  maintenance  of  the  halls  should 
be  covered  entirely  by  the  municipality.  The  report  of  the  Municipal  Refer- 
ence Library,  however,  shows  that  in  all  communities,  where  dances  of  this 
character  have  been  established,  there  has  been  a  charge  made  sufficient  to 
cover  the  absolute  expenses  of  the  same  and  also  that  the  privilege  of  fur- 
nishing soft  drinks  and  light  refreshments  has  been  awarded  to  contractors 
on  the  basis  of  a  percentage  of  the  receipts  being  turned  over  to  the  com- 
munities and  applied  to  the  funds  from  which  the  dances  are  maintained. 
Whether  municipal  dance  halls  locally  should  be  maintained  free  of  all  ex- 
pense or  whether  a  nominal  charge  should  be  made,  is  a  matter  for  the  con- 
sideration of  your  Committee. 

Yours  respectfully, 

(Signed)     CARTER  H.  HARRISON, 

Mayor. 


Introduction. 

In  the  effort  to  provide  places  where  young  men  and  women  may  gather 
for  purposes  of  social  recreation  under  wholesome  auspices,  a  large  number 
of  cities  in  the  United  States  have  established  social  centers  in  the  public 
schools  and  park  field  houses.  Here  people  may  enjoy  facilities  for  play,  amuse- 
ment or  rest,  such  as  social  dancing,  banquets,  social  entertainments,  parties, 
and  the  like. 

The  City  of  Chicago  has  a  large  number  of  public  schools  and  park  field 
houses  which  are  used  for  social  centers  and  are  supported  and  directed  by 
the  school  and  park  authorities.  Social  dances,  arranged  and  conducted  by 
clubs  or  groups  in  their  immediate,  or  from  distant,  neighborhoods,  are  held 
with  considerable  fi-equency.  Greater  interest  attaches  to  these  dances  than 
to  any  other  form  of  social  enjoyment.  No  admission  fees  are  charged  and 
in  the  park  field  houses  various  groups  and  persons  are  given  the  use  of  the 
halls  in  rotation  for  dances.  No  group  or  person  is  permitted  to  conduct 
a  dance  for  profit  or  as  a  business  enterprise. 

These  public  dances  conducted  in  Chicago  under  the  auspices  of  its  public 
school  and  park  boards  are  entirely  dissimilar  and  should  be  distinguished 
from  open  public  dances  where  girls  may  go  unattended,  which  are  open  to 
any  individual  without  qualification  or  classification  except  restriction  as 
to  age  and  personal  behavior,  and  which  are  a  source  of  revenue  to  the  munici- 
pality. 

In  the  belief  that  properly  conducted  dance  halls  meet  a  public  need, 
a  number  of  cities  have  established  municipal  dance  halls  and  open  public 
dances.  The  object  has  been  to  provide  for  certain  sections  of  the  city,  halls 
where  opportunities  for  participation  in  wholesome  recreation  would  be  offered 
to  all  classes  of  people,  young,  middle  aged  and  old. 

The  cities  that  have  established  municipal   dance  halls  are  emphasizing: 

First — Adequate   supervision   and    chaperonage. 

Second — Public  opportunities  for  dancing  that  cost  less  than  the  com- 
mercialized enterprises. 

Third — Sanitary,  well  ventilated  and  well  lighted  halls. 

Fourth — Permit  no  liquor  to  be  sold  and  supply  instead  cold  drinking  water 
and  soft  drinks. 

Fifth — Provide  high  grade  music  and  prohibit  objectionable  dancing. 

The  result  of  an  investigation  into  the  subject  of  municipal  dance  halls  is 
herewith  given  and  shows  the  experience  of  such  American  cities  as  have 
established  the  same. 

BOSTON,    MASS. 

Since  last  autumn  the  Park  and  Recreation  Department  of  Boston  has 
been  conducting  municipal  dances  in  the  city  gymnasia.  These  dances  are 
free,  the  cost  of  maintenance  and  operation  being  borne  by  the  city.  Dances 
have  been  given  at  the  rate  of  one  each  week  from  8  to  10:30  P.  M.  Owing 
to  their  success  and  popularity  with  the  masses,  plans  are  being  made  to 
conduct  three  or  more  weekly. 

CINCINNATI,    OHIO. 

During  the  administration  of  Mayor  Hunt  a  municipal  dance  hall  was 
opened  under  the  supervision  and  direction  of  the  Women's  Civic  Commis- 
sion The  first  dance  was  held  April  12,  1913.  Dances  are  now  given  every 
Saturday  night  and  on  all  holidays,  in  the  north  wing  of  the  local  Music  Hall, 
the  latter  being  a  large  brick  building.  The  dimensions  of  the  dance  floor 
are  85x280  feet,  or  an  area  of  23,800  square  feet.     The  cost  of  equipping  the 


hall  was  between  $300  and  $400,  not  including  the  purchase  of  a  piano.  The 
hall  is  lighted  by  incandescent  electricity  and  windows,  and  two  large  double 
exit  doors  afford  means  of  ventilation.  The  hall  has  comfort  stations  and 
rest  rooms. 

A  caterer  serves  refreshments,  consisting  of  soft  drinks  and  ice  cream, 
in  connection  with  the  dance  hall,  allowing  the  city  a  percentage  on  the  num- 
ber of  his  sales,  in  return  for  the  concession. 

An  orchestra  of  four  pieces  composed  of  piano,  drum  and  first  and  second 
violins,  furnishes  the  music  at  the  dances.  An  admission  fee  of  fifteen  cents 
per  person  is  charged,  which  includes  the  use  of  the  wardrobe  room  for 
checking  wraps  and  other  personal  apparel.  No  return  checks  are  given. 
The  charge  of  admission  has  been  placed  at  a  minimum  consistent  with  the 
expense  of  conducting  the  dance. 

Supervision. 

The  dances  are  conducted  under  the  supervision  of  two  paid  supervisors, 
assisted  by  from  six  to  eight  volunteers.  A  policeman  in  regular  uniform  is 
stationed  at  the  door  and  frequently  an  officer  in  plain  clothes  mingles  among 
the  dancers.  The  operating  staff  consists  of  a  manager,  cashier,  ticket  taker, 
six  check  boys  and  a  maid. 

The  dance  hall  is  open  to  the  public  every  Saturday  night  from  8:00  to 
11:30  o'clock  and  a  children's  dance  is  given  on  Saturday  afternoons  during 
the  hours  from  2:00  to  5:00  o'clock.  Minors  are  not  admitted  to  the  evening 
dances  unless  they  are  at  leafet  sixteen  years  of  age.  The  dance  hall  is  en- 
tirely self-supporting. 

Twenty-two  dances  were  given  by  the  municipality  during  the  year  1913 
and  the  total  revenue  and  expense  from  their  operation  was  as  follows: 

Average   per   dance 

Revenue    $2,285.55 , 103.88 

Expense    2,228.80 101.21 

The  total  number  of  persons  attending  the  twenty-two  dances  was  14,153, 
or  an  average  of  643  persons  per  dance. 

Results   Achieved. 

The  municipal  dances  have  demonstrated  that  young  people  prefer  going 
to  a  place  adequately  supervised,  with  clean  and  wholesome  surroundings. 
They  feel  absolutely  safe  in  attending  and  in  many  instances  the  parents 
accompany  the  boys  and  girls.  Girls  come,  dance  and  go  home  together.  As 
a  result  of  the  establishment  of  the  municipal  dance  hall,  Dther  dance  halls 
in  the  city  are  exercising  a  stricter  supervision.  Recently  a  suburb  of  Cin- 
cinnati requested  the  authorities  of  the  latter  city  to  establish  a  municipal 
dance  hall  within  its  limits.  This  has  been  done,  with  similarly  satisfactory 
results. 

The  Juvenile  Protective  Association  of  Cincinnati  in  its  report  made 
December  1,  1913,  on  a  "Recreation  Survey  of  Cincinnati"  summarized  the 
dance  hall  situation  thus: 

"Among  the  few  places  which  offer  opportunity  for  wholesome  pleas- 
ure is  the  'popular  supervised  dance'  conducted  every  Saturday  evening 
in  the  north  wing  of  Music  Hall  by  the  Woman's  Civic  Commission.  Al- 
though the  admission  charge  is  only  fiften  cents,  when  at  the  other  halls 
it  is  a  quarter,  the  dance  is  self-supporting.  A  good  band  provides  the 
music;  members  of  the  Comnlission  supervise  in  person,  and  ice  cream 
and  soft  drinks  can  be  secured  at  one  end  of  the  hall.  No  return  checks 
■  are  given.  This  dance  is  patronized  largely  by  people  who  never  at- 
tended public  dances  before,  and  does  not  really  compete  with  the  bad 
commercial  dance  halls.  Nevertheless,  it  is  a  splendid  public  experiment 
and    meets    a   need   in    the    community." 


CLEVELAND,   OHIO. 

While  the  School  Board  of  Cleveland  was  debating  the  question  of  pro- 
viding municipal  dance  halls  in  the  school  auditoriums  throughout  the  city, 
objection  being  made  that  an  admission  fee  could  not  be  charged  for  func- 
tions in  school  buildings.  Mayor  Baker,  inasmuch  as  no  city  ordinance  was 
required,  issued  an  executive  order  authorizing  municipal  dances  in  the  park 
shelter  houses. 

Dance    Halls   Opened. 

The  first  municipal  dance  hall  was  inaugurated  in  August,  1912,  in  Edge- 
water  Park,  the  latter  having  Lake  Erie  on  one  side  and  on  the  other  a  con- 
gested manufacturing  and  tenement  district  not  far  distant  from  immense  ore 
docks.  Mayor  and  Mrs.  Baker  led  the  grand  march  at  the  opening  ceremony, 
followed  by  their  children  and  municipal  officials.  The  first  dance  was  pro- 
nounced a  tremendous  success,  11,630  three-cent  dance  tickets  being  sold, 
making  the  receipts  for  the  day  $348.90.  The  estimated  maximum  expenses 
for  one  week  are  $300.  One  ticket  seller  on  the  opening  night,  sold  2,700 
tickets  in  an  hour.  Another  dance  hall  has  since  been  opened  at  another 
park  shelter  house.  These  shelter  houses  were  converted  into  dancing  pavil- 
ions at  a  very  low  cost,  merely  requiring  the  putting  in  of  maple  fiooring. 
The  dimensions  of  the  dancing  floor  at  Bdgewater  Park  are  83x34  feet  and  at 
Woodland  Hills  Park  76x33  feet.  The  parks  being  city  property,  no  rental  is 
required. 

Park  pavilions  are  brilliantly  lighted  by  electricity.  Open  air  ventilation 
is  provided  and  revolving  fans  keep  the  temperature  cool  and  pleasant.  A 
comfort  station  has  been  constructed  in  the  building  at  Edgewater  Park  and 
the  comfort  stations  at  Woodland  Hills  Park  are  convenient  to  the  pavilion. 
Refreshments  are  sold  by  concessionaires  at  near-by  stands  and  include  soft 
drinks,  ice  cream,  candy  and  the  like.  Drinking  fountains  are  also  con- 
veniently located  to  these  buildings.  Music  is  furnished  by  an  orchestra  of 
six  musicians,  a  balcony  suitably  arranged  for  the  same,  as  well  as  a  good 
piano,  having  been  installed  at  each  pavilion. 

Control  and  Supervision. 

No  general  admission  is  charged,  but  tickets  are  sold  at  the  rate  of  three 
cents  per  couple  for  each  dance.  A  fee  of  three  cents  per  person  covers  the 
checking  of  wraps,  coats  and  hats,  a  room  sufficiently  large  to  take  care  of 
this  feature  without  any  confusion  having  been  provided. 

Control  and  supervision  over  the  municipal  dance  halls  is  exercised  by 
experienced  employes  of  the  Park  Department,  a  manager,  chaperon,  ticket 
takers,  policemen  and  other  attendants  being  detailed  at  each  pavilion. 

Dances  are  held  daily,  with  the  exception  of  Sunday,  during  the  summer 
season.  Afternoon  sessions  are  held  daily  at  Edgewater  Park  from  2:30  to 
5:00  P.  M.,  and  at  Woodland  Hills  Park  during  the  same  hours  on  Saturday 
afternoon.  '  Evening  sessions  at  both  pavilions  are  from  7:30  to  10:30  P.  M. 

Minors  under  eighteen  years  of  age,  unless  accompanied  by  their  parents 
or  responsible  chaperons,  are  excluded  after  9:00  P.  M. 

Financial   Success. 

The  receipts  and  expenses  of  the  two  pavilions,  with  the  number  of  tickets 
sold  and  persons  participating  in  the  amusement  during  the  years  1912  and 
1913,  were  as  follows: 

1912  1913 

Total  receipts   $7,394.31   $18,491.16 

Total  expenses    5,160.02 11,507.71 

Net  earnings   2,234.29   6,983.45 

Tickets   sold   to   couples 246,477   616,732 

Persons  attending 492,954   1,233,464 


The  pavilions  have  proved  verj^  successful,  both  from  a  social  and  financial 
standpoint.  They  have  provided  clean,  wholesome  recreation  at  a  minimum 
cost  and  the  moral  tone  of  the  halls  is  a  great  improvement  over  the  ordinary 
public  dance  hall.  Every  possible  safeguard  has  been  provided  for  the  proper 
protection  of  the  patrons.  Not  only  was  the  very  best  orchestra  employed, 
but  more  policemen  were  secured  for  supervision  of  the  dance  hall  and  ad- 
joining grounds  than  the  city  would  have  required  of  any  private  concern  and 
each  dance  number  was  twice  as  long  as  the  duration  of  a  dance  in  the  com- 
mercial dance  halls,  while  the  price  per  dance  was  but  one-half  that  charged 
In  the  latter. 

The  object  in  view  in  establishing  the  municipal  dance  halls  was  to  offer 
an  opportunity  for  dancing  under  the  best  possible  conditions  at  a  minimum 
cost.  The  young  people  patronize  the  dance  halls  for  the  reason  that  here 
they  can  spend  their  evenings  at  dancing  amid  wholesome  surroundings  for 
a  much  less  sum  than  it  would  cost  at  the  ordinary  commercial  dance  hall. 

Good  Accomplished. 

Owing  to  the  great  success  and  the  vast  amount  of  good  accomplished  by 
the  municipal  dance  halls,  there  is  a  strong  demand  for  the  erection  and  opera- 
tion of  such  Jialls  during  the  Avinter  months.  This  demand  has  been  given 
added  emphasis  in  view  of  the  closing  by  the  city  of  thii'ty-two  public  dance 
halls,  because  the  buildings  or  their  surrounding  conditions  were  such  as 
to  render  them  unfit  for  dance  halls.  These  thirty-two  halls  eliminated  from 
the  dance  hall  roster  were  all  of  the  same  type,  namely,  cheap  neighborhood, 
saloon  halls.  However,  the  City  Dance  Hall  Inspector  of  Cleveland,  Mr.  Robert 
O.  Bartholomew,  unwilling  to  ignore  the  social  value  of  the  closed  dance  halls 
as  neighborhood  centers,  points  out  the  duty  of  the  community  in  the  prem- 
ises in  the  following  words: 

"In  these  buildings  during  the  past,  small  beneficial  lodges,  neighbor- 
hood societies  and  social  clubs  would  hold  their  daiK^es  on  different  even- 
ings of  the  week.  They  were  the  neighborhood  club  houses  in  the  sections 
of  the  city  where  they  were  located.  Here  was  offered  the  only  oppor- 
tunity for  general  gatherings  of  a  social  nature  which  were  generally 
followed  by  dancing.  The  entire  family  participated  in  these  dances 
which  would,  but  for  the  demoralizing  surroundings,  have  provided  the 
means  by  which  the  citizens  living  near  them  could  have  enjoyed  the 
recreational  and  social  life  which  is  necessary  to  the  well  being  and 
proper  development  of  every  normal  citizen.  These  halls  have  been  dis- 
mantled, and  there  are  now  no  club  houses  for  many  thousands  of.  Cleve- 
land's citizens.  "We  pass  legislation  prescribing  conditions  under  which 
man  may  work  to  earn  his  daily  bread;  we  have  our  model  ordinances 
to  regulate  in  minute  detail  the  construction  of  the  buildings  in  which 
our  work  is  done  and  we  even  regulate  the  construction  of  the  homes  in 
which  we  live  together  with  all  of  the  elements  which  enter  into  general 
living  conditions  of  our  daily  life,  but  until  the  present  ordinance  was 
passed  we  had  neglected  to,  make  it  our  concern  as  to  where  or  how  his 
hours  of  recreation  are  spent.  Thus  it  is  no  wonder  that  many  have 
realized  large  profits  by  commercializing  man's  instinct  for  play.  The 
present  regulations  have  been  more  or  less  exterminative  in  nature.  In 
the  endeavor  to  eliminate  the  element  of  commercialism  we  are  on  the 
verge  of  restricting  dancing  to  the  favored  few  who  possess  sufficient 
means  to  provide  for  themselves  places  to  dance.  The  present  regulations 
have  necessarily  driven  out  of  existence  the  majority  of  cheap  saloon  dance 
halls.  While  it  has  probably  been  greatly  beneficial  it  has  also  brought 
about  a  problem  which  the  municipal  government  can  alone  remedy.  The 
social  family  life  of  those  living  in  congested  sections  of  the  city  has 
been  almost  exterrninated  with  reference  to  dancing.  The  men  now  go 
to  the  corner  saloon  for  a  social  evening.  The  wife  possibly  visits  with 
a  neighborly  woman,  but  there  is  no  place   for  the   family  to  join  in   a 


good  time  except  perhaps  the  moving  picture  show,  where  the  period  of 
enjoyment  is  of  short  duration  and  where  there  is  no  opportunity  for 
such  relaxation  from  daily  cai-es  as  is  provided  in  dancing.  The  average 
laboring  man's  neighborhood  club  cannot  afford  to  rent  such  a  hall  as  is 
now  offered  for  the  purposes  of  holding  a  dance  because  it  costs  from 
$25  to  $50  more  than  it  used  to  cost  to  rent  a  cheap  hall.  There  are  a 
very  great  many  citizens  who  are  deprived  of  their  just  opportunities 
for  social  recreation.  Private  capital  hesitates  to  establish  such  halls  as 
it  beeomes  for  them  an  experiment  with  probable  small  profits  for  the 
investment.  Neighborhood  dance  halls  under  municipal  supervision  should 
be  established  in  several  of  the  congested  residence  districts  of  the  city. 
Through  the  wholesome  influence  there  exerted  many  individuals  would  be 
conserved  as  positive  units  in  society  for  helpfulness  instead  of  being  al- 
lowed to  become  negative  quantities  to  be  neutralized  by  belated  educated 
or  penal  reformation." 

DENVER,   COLO. 

During  the  winter  of  1912-1913  the  Commissioner  of  Supplies  of  the  City 
of  Denver  arranged  for  a  series  of  four  municipal  dances  in  the  city  audi- 
torium. An  admission  fee  merely  sufficient  to  defray  expenses,  of  twenty-five 
cents  per  couple,  was  charged.  The  dances  were  supervised  by.  Denver's  sole 
woman  police  officer,  who  held  the  position  of  inspector  of  amusements.  Ac- 
cording to  this  official  the  dances  were  a  success  financially  and  socially.  How- 
ever, with  a  change  in  the  city  administrative  policy  and  the  initiation  of 
the  commission  form  of  government  last  year,  municipal  dances  were  discon- 
tinued and  the  city  auditorium  has  again  been  rented  to  private  parties  for 
public  dances.  These  latter,  owing  to  inadequate  supervision,  have  become 
discredited  and  the  Woman's  Club  of  Denver  has  requested  that  they  be 
stopped. 

MILWAUKEE.    WIS. 

A  municipal  dance  hall  was  established  and  operated  by  the  City  of  Mil- 
waukee during  the  administration  of  Mayor  Emil  Seidel.  Young  people  were 
encouraged  to  attend  up  to  the  capacity  of  the  hall  and  an  admission  fee  of  25 
cents  per  couple  was  charged.  The  police  were  instructed  to  keep  out  objec- 
tionable cliaracters  and  maintain  a  proper  degree  of  decorum  among  those 
admitted. 

These  public  dances  were  increasingly  successful  during  their  period  of 
existence.  However,  the  municipal  election  held  in  1912  resulted  in  Mayor 
Seidel's  defeat  and  under  the  new  administration  the  dance  hall  was  closed. 
An  attempt  was  made  to  have  the  city  continue  the  venture,  but  without 
success. 

SAN    FRANCISCO,    CAL. 

The  Board  of  Supervisors  last  December  inaugurated  a  series  of  outdoor 
municipal  dances.  These  dances  were  held  on  public  streets  paved  with 
asphalt  or  bitumen.  They  ai'e  very  popular," and  owing  to  the  mild  winters, 
the  streets  set  apart .  for  the  municipal  dances  are  crowded  to  capacity.  The 
city  furnishes  the  municipal  band  and  there  is  an  adequate  detail  of  police  to 
maintain  order.  No  admission  fee  is  required  from  those  taking  part  in  the 
dances.    Dancing  begins  at  8  o'clock  in  the  evening  and  concludes  at  11  o'clock. 


I*RESS  OF  BAKNARn   «fe    Mlt.LER 

172  N.  LaSat.lc  St.,  Chicago 


137 


UNIVERSITY  OF  ILLINOIS-URBANA 


3  0112  045778120 


